SPORTS and GAMES
A sound mind in a sound body
THE OLYMPIC GAMES
The ancient Olympic Games were primarily a part of a religious festival in honor of Zeus, the father of the Greek gods and goddesses. The festival and the games were held in Olympia, a rural sanctuary site (model shown here, courtesy of the British Museum) in the western Peloponnesos.
The Greeks that came to the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia shared the same religious beliefs and spoke the same language. The athletes were all male citizens of the city-states from every corner of the Greek world, coming from as far away as Iberia (Spain) in the west and the Black Sea (Turkey) in the east. The sanctuary was named in antiquity after Mt. Olympus, the highest mountain in mainland Greece. In Greek mythology, Mt. Olympus was the home of the greatest of the Greek gods and goddesses. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the nearby city of Elis, won the stadion (stadium) race, a foot race 600 feet long. According to some literary traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals or until 724 BC. From 776 BC, the Games were held in Olympia every four years for almost 12 centuries. Contrary evidence, both literary and archaeological, suggests that the games may have existed at Olympia much earlier than this date, perhaps as early as the 10th or 9th century BC.
NUDITY AT THE GAMES? There are two stories relating to the question of nudity at the ancient Olympic Games. One story states that it was a runner from Megara, Orsippos or Orrhippos who, in 720 B.C. was the first to run naked in the stadion race when he lost his shorts in the race. Another tradition is that it was the Spartans who introduced nudity to the Olympic Games in the 8th century B.C. as it was a Spartan tradition. It is not clear if the very first recorded victor at Olympia, Koroibos, who won the stadion race in 776 B.C. wore shorts or not. It seems clear that by the late 8th century nudity was common for the male contestants. Although the ancient Games were staged in Olympia, Greece, from 776 BC through 393 AD, it took 1503 years for the Olympics to return. The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. The man responsible for its rebirth was a Frenchman named Baron Pierre de Coubertin*, who presented the idea in 1894. His original thought was to unveil the modern Games in 1900 in his native Paris, but delegates from 34 countries were so enthralled with the concept that they convinced him to move the Games up to 1896 and have Athens serve as the first host.
THE OLYMPIC FLAME. The idea of the Olympic torch or Olympic Flame was first inaugurated in the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. There was no torch relay in the ancient Olympic Games. There were known, however, torch relays in other ancient Greek athletic festivals including those held at Athens. The modern Olympic torch relay was first instituted at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. The Olympic Oath was introduced in 1920.
VOCABULARY NOTES AND COMMENTS
rural (adj) – related to the countryside, not the city. Synonym – rustic.
They live on a farm in a rural area of Montana.
sanctuary (n) – 1. a safe, protected place: The little house gave us sanctuary from wind and cold;
2. protection (from law or government), asylum. The escaped prisoner found sanctuary in a foreign embassy;
3. a holy place: They built a sanctuary for the Virgin Mary high in the mountains.
antiquity (n)– 1. the time of ancient societies: In antiquity Greek and Roman civilizations lasted for many hundreds of years;
2. ancient objects such as vases and statues: The museum has many antiquities from ancient Egypt.
nudity (n) – nakedness, without clothes.
contestant (n) – a competitor in competition: She is the youngest contestant in the jumping competition.
enthrall (v) – to hold someone’s attention completely. Synonyms: captivate, spellbind. The dancer enthralls her audience with the beauty of her movements.
oath (n) – a promise to do smth., such as remain loyal to one’s country or tell the truth in a court of law. The soldiers took an oath of loyalty to their country.
to be under oath – to have promised to tell the truth. When the witness began to answer, the judge reminded her that she was under oath.
torch (n) – a lighting device with a flame atop a handle: The Olympic torch is used to light the flame to begin the games.
to carry a torch for someone – to be in love with sb. who usually does not love one in return: She always carried a torch for her old boyfriend.
inaugurate (v) – 1. to put in public office with a ceremony: The governor of Texas was inaugurated two months after his election.
2. to open, begin with ceremony: A jazz band inaugurated the festivities with a lively song.
convince (v) – to cause sb. to believe smth. is worth doing or true.
Synonym – to persuade.
The young man convinced the beautiful woman to marry him. He convinced her that he loved her greatly.
QUESTIONS
- In whose honour were the first Olympic Games held?
- Do you possess any information about Zeus?
- Did females participate in the Olympic Games?
- What is the highest mountain of Greece?
- Who was Koroibos?
- How often were the ancient Olympic Games held?
- Who was Baron Pierre de Coubertin?
TASKS
- Study thoroughly vocabulary notes. Make up sentences with each word and expression.
- Give synonyms to the following words and comment upon the shades of meanings: nude, convince, sanctuary, contest, male, enthrall, competitor.
- Illustrate the meanings of phraseological units:
to be under oath; to carry a torch for someone.
4.Insert the appropriate word instead of dots:
Though he was speaking so ardently he could not ... his friends that he was innocent. A lot of people were praying in ... that day. It was completely dark in the forest and travelers lit ... The President of the United States was ... last month. The spy gave the ... that he would not reveal the secret under any circumstances. My grandfather devoted all his life to the collection of ... . Two young fellows were ... by the amazing beauty of the girl approaching to them.
- Find additional information about Baron Pierre de Coubertin, make the report and present it in the class.
- What role does sport play in your life?
- What is your favourite sport?
- Do you have any favourite sportsmen?
- What do spectators do at the stadium?
- What is the difference between a sport and a game?
- What sports and games do you know?
- What is the favourite national sport in Uzbekistan?
Try to describe one of your favourite games without naming it and let your fellow students guess which game you are describing.
ROMAN GLADIATORIAL GAMES
Romans liked watching other people die. They thought that was fun, like maybe you think going to horror movies or watching Cops on TV is fun. They also believed that their gods liked gladiatorial fights, so that going to the fights was a sort of religious experience as well as being fun. Many Roman people sometimes went to big stadiums to see professionals fight (like boxers today). You went early in the morning, and paid for your ticket, and sat in your seat. Sometimes all the seats were free, if a rich person had given money to pay for the show. Other times, you had to pay, and it cost more money for the good seats than for the bad seats, so the poor people had to sit way up top where it was hard to see.
First men in armor came out and fought against wild animals, like bears or bulls or alligators or ostriches or lions or tigers. They captured the animals in faraway places and brought them to the stadiums specially. Then the Romans treated the animals badly to make them hungry and mean so they would fight. Usually the 
men killed the animals, but sometimes the animals killed the men, which everyone thought was very exciting. You can still see this kind of fighting today in bullfights in Spain or France or Mexico. Around lunchtime, there would be a break, and people would eat their lunches. Some people brought picnics with them: bread and cheese and vegetables mostly. Other people bought food from the vendors who were walking around the stadium selling wine and water and stuffed pastries. While people were eating lunch, in their seats, there would be a half-time show that sometimes had singers or dancers or a little play, or sometimes had criminals being killed. Sometimes the criminals were just brought out and had their heads cut off or were stabbed, but other times they were tied to posts and the bears came and attacked them, or they were pushed off a high tower or something creative like that. Because the gods loved to see justice done, they also liked to see criminals being killed. After lunch sometimes there was another show, where men fought men. In big cities, these fights were to the death. In smaller towns, probably the men usually just fought until someone was hurt, though sometimes men did get killed. The men who were fighting were often, though not always, slaves.
VOCABULARY NOTES
gladiator – (in ancient Rome) a man, usually a slave or prisoner who fought with other man or animals for show. Gladiators fought before large crowds in ancient Rome.
armor (n)– a protective cover worn by a soldier or on a piece of military equipment; military tanks and other vehicles equipped with protective plates. The general sent his armor to meet the enemy.
ostrich (n) – a large African bird with long neck and legs, which cannot fly. Ostriches are believed to bury their heads in the sand when frightened.
treat (v)- 1. to act or behave toward: She treats her children with loving care.
2. to handle, take care of: The computer department treated the computer breakdown by switching quickly to another system.
3. give medical attention to: The physician treats her patients in her office.
mean (adj) – vicious, wanting to hurt. That boy is so mean.
vendor (n) – 1. a person who sells smth. (a hot dog vendor on the street corner).
2. general term for a business or agent who supplies goods and services to other companies.
pastry (n)– a rich dough shaped into an open or closed shell to contain sweet food, such as fruit pies, cream. She rolled out a pastry to make apple pie.
stab (v) – to pierce with something sharp.
to stab someone in the back – to treat sb. badly, often while acting nice. You stabbed her in the back when you smiled and laughed with her and then told to everyone not to go to her party. (âîíçèòü êèíæàë â ñïèíó).
Lets check your knowledge
Exercise1. Insert the suitable name
1.The powerful god of the sea is … 2.The ugly, but useful god for fire is …3. The principal god who possessed the greatest power is … .4. The formidable god of war is … 5. The master of the kingdom of the dead is … . 5. The beautiful but quarrelsome wife of Zeus is … . 6. The most handsome among the gods is … .7. The goddess noted for her wisdom is … . 8. The most beautiful goddess who was married to the ugliest god is … 9. The swift goddess of the hunting is … . 10. The goddess of the domestic hearth is ….
THE MARATHON
The marathon was NOT an event of the ancient Olympic games. The marathon is a modern event that was first introduced in the Modern Olympic Games of 1896 in Athens, a race from Marathon northeast of Athens to the Olympic Stadium, a distance of 40 kilometers. The race commemorates the run of Pheidippides, an ancient "day-runner" who carried the news of the Persian landing at Marathon of 490 B.C. to Sparta (a distance of 149 miles) in order to enlist help for the battle. According to the fifth century B.C. ancient Greek historian Herodotus, Pheidippides delivered the news to the Spartans the next day. The distance of the modern marathon was standardized as 26 miles 385 yards or 42.195 km. in 1908 when the Olympic Games were held in London. The distance was the exact measurement between Windsor Castle, the start of the race, and the finish line inside White City Stadium.
In the fifth century B.C., Athens was a democratic city – state. The citizens of Athens valued their freedom. Seeing an opportunity for conquest, the Persian army invaded Greece. The Persians, dedicated to the destruction of Athens had amassed an army one hundred thousand strong. The Athenians had only ten thousand soldiers in their army. Fearing defeat, the Athenians sought help. They asked the other city-states for aid.
The Ithacans and the Corinthians, seeing the odds against them, refused. The Spartans were the last hope for Athens. But, prohibited from fighting during their religious holidays the Spartans also refused. They said, however, that their god Pan would afflict the Persians with a disease. The battle took place at Marathon. Knowing that there was little hope, the Athenians made a courageous decision. They realized that the Persians, convinced of their superiority, would not expect an attack. Without hesitation, the Athenians charged the Persian ranks. Surprised by this strategy, the Persians broke ranks and fled. By the day’s end, the Athenians had defeated the Persians and captured their leaders. Was it the disease sent by Pan that frightened the Persians? Believing this to be the case, the Athenians called the disease panikos. What word do you suppose comes from this origin?
In the sport’s literature there is one episode. A hero from the Greek town of Marathon died after having run 42,147 kilometres. He had been running such an enormous distance to announce the Athenian victory over the Persians. Having run for many hours without any rest, a young soldier arrived in Athens, stopped near the first house and fell down into the hands of an old peasant.
- The war is over! – he said.
- What war? – asked the peasant astonished by the news that there was some war.
- Miltiade * won the Persian army.
The peasant could not ask any more questions because the hero had died.
The death of this soldier from marathon has become the symbol of courage. Many centuries later the long – distance race was called the marathon. Nowadays it is the part of the Olympic games. To run such a long distance the sportsmen have to get hard training. The principal thing here is the system of alimentation (ïèòàíèå). The marathon runner loses 4-5 kilos during one race. That is why it is necessary to get physical, psychological and moral preparation.
* Miltiade – Athenian general and statesman of the 6th – 5th centuries.
Announce – (îáúÿâëÿòü) – to proclaim or make known publicly. Syn: proclaim, herald, reveal, declare.
Enormous – (adj.) – very great; immense, vast. Syn: huge, immense, vast, colossal, gigantic, excessive.
Essential Vocabulary
B.C. – before Christ
A.D. (Latin) – anno domini, i.e. in the year of our lord, since the birth of Christ.
value (v) – to estimate the worth of, appraise; to esteem highly
Syn: estimate, appreciate, evaluate, respect.
conquest (n) – act of conquering; victory. Syn: triumph, mastery, subjection
conquer (v) – to gain by force; overcome, subdue. Syn: invade, occupy, capture, vanquish, subjugate, defeat.
Remember!
defeat (n) – ïðîèãðûø, ïîðàæåíèå
defeat (v) – íàíîñèòü ïîðàæåíèå, âûèãðûâàòü
to be defeated – ïðîèãðûâàòü, òåðïåòü ïîðàæåíèå.
___________________________________________
aid (n) – help; person, thing or action that helps.
Syn: help, assistance, support.
seeing the odds – âèäÿ íåðàâåíñòâî
prohibit (v) – to forbid by law; to forbid an action of …
prohibition (n) – çàïðåò
prohibition of manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks.
çàïðåò íà ïðîèçâîäñòâî è ïðîäàæó ñïèðòíûõ íàïèòêîâ.
refuse (v)
syn: refuse – reject – deny.
disease (n) – disordered condition of mind or body marked by definite symptoms; illness.
Syn: ailment –sickness – illness – disorder – malady.
Word Discrimination
Disease is any morbid state of the body.
Sickness is the state of being affected with disease.
Illness may name any form of physical disorder. All her life she had been a prey to illness. Specifically, each word may name a particular morbid condition of the body:
e.g. Pneumonia is often a fatal disease
Grippe is a debilitating rather than a mortal sickness.
Of what illness did he die?
Sickness and illness are synonymous in general usage.
An ailment is a troublesome, slight illness. (íåäîìîãàíèå)
Malady is a serious, often fatal disease.
Courageous (adj.) – brave.
Courage (n) – õðàáðîñòü
Superiority (n) – higher in rank, dignity; of higher quality, intelligence, ability. (ïðåâîñõîäñòâî)
Text A. Sport in Great Britain
National sports in Great Britain… It is a very interesting question, because many kinds of sport have taken the origin in England. The Englishmen love sports, they are called sports –lovers in spite of the fact that some of them neither play games nor even watch them. They only like to speak about sports. Some kinds of sport are professional in England. Many traditional sporting contests take place in England, for example, cricket. It is played from May till September. This game is associated with England. There are many cricket clubs in this country. English people like to play cricket. They think that summer without cricket is not summer. Cricket is the English national sport in summer. If you want to play cricket you must wear white boots, a while shirt and white long trousers. There are two teams. Each team has eleven players. Cricket is popular in boys’ schools. Girls play cricket too.
Football. It has a long history. Football was played by the whole villages teams in the middle ages in England. Now football is the most popular game in Britain. It is a team but most of the teams are professional ones in England. Professional football is a big business. Football is played at schools too.
Rugby football. You can see a ball in this game, but it is not round. It is oval. This is team game. There are fifteen players in each team. It is a popular game in England. There are many amateur rugby football teams in this country.
If we speak about football, we can mention an American football too. It is a game that is played between two teams of players using an oval ball that can be handled or kicked. The captain of the team must be the oldest or best player.
Table tennis or ping-pong. Englishmen heard about tennis in 1880. Then the International Table Tennis Association was formed and the international rules were worked out.
Many people like to play table tennis. This game is played by men and women. There are some tennis clubs in England, but if you play there, it is necessary to pay money for it. Englishmen like playing tennis but many of them prefer to watch this game.
Wimbledon. It is the centre of lawn tennis. Some years ago Wimbledon was a village, now it is a part of London. The most important tennis competition takes place there every summer.
Englishmen pay much attention to swimming, rowing and walking. Usually the Oxford – Cambridge Boat Race takes place at the end of March or at the beginning of April. It is an interesting contest between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. It is usually held on the Thames River. The first such race was held in 1820. There were a lot of people watching this race.
There are some racing competitions in England. They are motor-car racing, dog-racing, donkey-racing, boat-racing, horse-racing. All kinds of racings are popular in England. It is interesting to see the egg-and-spoon race. The runner, who takes part in this competition, must carry an egg in a spoon. It is not allowed to drop the egg.
We must speak about the Highland Games in Scotland. All competitors wear Highland dress. There are such competitions as putting the weight, tossing the caber and others. The English are great lovers of sports.
WORDS
- origin – íà÷àëî, èñòî÷íèê, ïðîèñõîæäåíèå
- contest – ñîñòÿçàíèå, ñîðåâíîâàíèå
- amateur – ëþáèòåëüñêèé
- rugby – ðåãáè
- lawn tennis –áîëüøîé òåííèñ
- handle – áðàòü ðóêàìè
- kick – óäàðÿòü íîãîé
- table tennis- íàñòîëüíûé òåííèñ
- Wimbledon – Óèìáëäîí (ïðåäìåñòüå Ëîíäîíà)
- the Highland Games – ñîñòÿçàíèå øîòëàíäñêèõ ãîðöåâ
- putting the weight – ïîäíÿòèå òÿæåñòåé
- tossing the caber – ìåòàíèå øåñòà
- rowing – ãðåáëÿ
- race, racing – ñîñòÿçàíèå, ãîíêè
- cricket – êðèêåò
Proverbs
A sound mind in a sound body. – Â çäîðîâîì òåëå – çäîðîâûé äóõ.
Good health is above wealth. – Äîáðîå çäîðîâüå äîðîæå áîãàòñòâà.
Learn these proverbs and comment upon their meaning.
Different kinds of sports.
archery skating
artistic gymnastics (calisthenics) skiing
boxing ski-jump
car racing slalom
cycling sky diving (parachuting)
diving swimming
fencing weight lifting
figure-skating windsurfing
gliding wrestling
gymnastics arm-wrestling
hang gliding yachting
marathon pole vault
mountaineering rowing
steeplechase canoeing
track-and-field athletics discus throwing
hammer throwing javelin throwing
high (long, triple) jump hurdle races
Out-of-door Games
badminton lawn tennis
basket-ball volley-ball
cricket polo
golf water polo
hockey rugby (rugger)
A Joke
Boy: I was the third in the ski-race yesterday, Daddy.
Father: You are not a bad skier and who came the fourth?
Boy: Nobody. Teacher said that Alec was the first, Bob the second and all the others were the third.
Ex.1. Translate into English.
- Ëåãêàÿ àòëåòèêà âåñüìà ïîëåçíà äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ ôîðìû.
- Äæåéìñ Áðàóí ïîñòàâèë ðåêîðä ïî ïëàâàíèþ.
- Ìîÿ ñåìüÿ áîëååò çà êîìàíäó “×åëñè” (Chelsea).
- Ìàò÷ çàêîí÷èëñÿ âíè÷üþ.
- Ñòðåëüáà èç ëóêà ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñå áîëåå ïîïóëàðíûì âèäîì ñïîðòà.
- Ìû íå ìîãëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü,÷òî íàøè ñîïåðíèêè âûèãðàþò ñî ñ÷åòîì 2:1
- ß ïîëàãàþ,÷òî òóðíèð çàêîí÷èòñÿ ñî ñ÷åòîì 5:3 â íàøó ïîëüçó.
- Âû çàíèìàåòåñü ãðåáëåé èëè íûðÿíèåì?
- Ôèãóðíîå êàòàíèå - ñàìûé èçÿùíûé âèä ñïîðòà.
- Äåëüòàïëàíåðèçì îäèí èç ñàìûõ ìîëîäûõ âèäîâ ñïîðòà, íî óæå äîñòàòî÷íî ïîïóëÿðíûé.
- ß ïðåäïî÷èòàþ õóäîæåñòâåííóþ ãèìíàñòèêó ëþáîìó äðóãîìó âèäó ñïîðòà.
- ×åìïèîíàò ïî áîêñó - çðåëèùå íå äëÿ ñëàáîíåðâíûõ.
- Â ôåõòîâàíèè íåîáõîäèìî áûòü ëîâêèì, ÷òîáû èçáåæàòü ïðèêîñíîâåíèÿ ðàïèðû ñîïåðíèêà.
Ex. 2. Divide into pairs and make up dialogues using the following words and phrases:
shout for the team, to be in good form, to score a goal, to kick the ball, defeat, referee, competition.
Exercises
- Briefly describe each kind of sport listed below:
Slalom, swimming, yachting, draughts, marathon, rowing, skiing, archery, fencing, soccer.
- Make up sentences using the following words and phrases:
Track-and-field athletics, running track, cycling, to win the points, to win with a score, to set up a record, boxing gloves, rings, amateur, world tournament, record holder.
- Give synonyms: Artistic gymnastics, draughts, to value, football, sports, huge, contest, to invade, judge, steeplechase.
- What is it?
- hard rubber disk used in hockey …
- sport of using a sword …
- skiing race down a steep zigzag course around and between obstacles …
- a game in which two teams try to keep a large ball over a net without letting the ball touch the ground …
- horse race over a turf course provided with obstacles …
- a light spear to be thrown by hand …
- bar with detachable disk-shaped weights on both ends, used in weight – lifting...
- art or sport where one shoots with a bow and arrow …
- sport where the oars are used in propelling a boat …
- What proverbs connected with sport do you know?
TEXT B. Sport
If one wants to keep himself fit he must go in for one or another kind of sport. Sport occupies an essential part in my daily life. Every morning all the year round I do my morning exercises. Almost every day I do some training. In summer I go swimming or rowing. During my summer holidays I go mountaineering. In winter I usually go to the country during the winter holidays. There I ski, skate or toboggan. I also go in for sport in a special and narrower sense: it is track and field athletics. I am member of the sport circle of track and field athletics at our Institute. At our Institute we have all the necessary facilities, equipment and coaching in many kinds of sport. There are different sport circles there too, such as: aquatic sports, gymnastics on apparatus and without apparatus, fencing, wresting, boxing; games: basket-ball, volleyball, tennis, football; winter sports: skating skiing, hockey. We have fine teams and a number of champions. All kinds of competitions take place at our Institute. Recently we have won the inter-college cup. Of all outdoor games I prefer football. I don’t play it but I like to attend football matches at the new, vast Stadium. I never miss a single match played by Spartak, for I fan this team. I also take a great interest in chess. I follow closely all the tournaments and especially that for the world championship.
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
daily life - ïîâñåäíåâíàÿ æèçíü
to keep oneself fit - áûòü â ôîðìå,áûòü áîäðûì, çäîðîâûì
to go in for sport - çàíèìàòüñÿ ñïîðòîì
essential - ñóùåñòâåííûé
set of exercises
to toboggan [te’bogen] êàòàòüñÿ íà ñàíêàõ
in a narrower sense - â áîëåå óçêîì
ñìûñëå ñëîâà
track and field - ë¸ãêàÿ àòëåòèêà
athletics
sport circle - ñïîðòèâíûé êðóæîê
equipment - îáîðóäîâàíèå
coaching - òðåíèðîâêà (êîìàíä)
coach
aquatic sports
gymnastics
apparatus - ñíàðÿä, ñíàðÿäû
team
champion
competition
inter-college cup
outdoor games
fan - áîëåòü çà, áîëåëüùèê
To take an interest
to follow closely - âíèìàòåëüíî ñëåäèòü
tournament
world championship
NOTES:
1.I do some training. – To do + Gerund – “çàíèìàòüñÿ ÷åì-ëèáî”.
I do my own cooking
- “ß ñàì çàíèìàþñü ïðèãîòîâëåíèåì ïèùè”.
2. I go swimming.
To go + Gerund – “çàíèìàòüñÿ êàêèì –ëèáî âèäîì ñïîðòà”.
to go rowing to go boating
to go skiing to go skating to go mountaineering
CONVERSATION
Learn the dialogue and dramatize it.
- I’ve recently been enrolled at this Institute. Will you kindly tell me about the athletic training here?
- I’ve been studying here for two years and I can tell you all about it. The administration of the Institute sees to it that every student goes in for sport. There are all the necessary facilities and equipment. But do you go in for sport?
- Yes, I do as a matter of fact. Every morning I do my morning exercises (daily dozen). I am a fan of the Pakhtakor team and I attend many football matches and I follow the chess tournament and…
- No, I do not mean this. Do you go in for sport in a special and narrower sense?
- Yes, I go skating and skiing in winter, swimming and rowing in summer.
- No, not that. Are you a member of any sport society?
- No, I’m not. Are you?
- I’m a member of the sport circle of track and field athletics at our Institute, and now I think I’ll join the ice-hockey circle.
- Have you a strong ice-hockey team?
- Rather. We won the last match with the Power Institute with a score of 5 to 0 [faiv tu nil] in our favour.
- Have you got a good coach?
- Yes, we have a fine coach. He is an ex-champion. You ought to join this circle.
- Are there any other sport circles at this Institute?
- Certainly. There are circles of aquatic sports, gymnastics, fencing, wrestling, boxing, of winter sports, of games: basket-ball, volley –ball, tennis, football.
- Are there any indoor games played here?
- Yes. Chess and checkers and ping-pong.
- Doesn’t sport interfere with your studies?
- On the contrary. I feel perfectly fit after training and can put in a lot more of studying.
- I’ll look around and I’ll also join a sport circle or two.
- Rather. – çäåñü, â îòâåò íà âîïðîñ, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: “Êîíå÷íî”. Îñíîâíîå çíà÷åíèå rather – “äîâîëüíî-òàêè”.
- I can put in a lot more of studying - ß ìîãó çàíèìàòüñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå.
I put in five hours of work. - ß çàíèìàëñÿ (ðàáîòàë) ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. - Do you go in for sport?
- What sport do you go in for in winter (in summer)?
- Do you belong to any sport society?
- What is your favourite outdoor (indoor) game?
- Are there any teams at your Institute?
- Enumerate the Uzbek champions in different kinds of sport.
- Which football team do you fan?
- Who won the last chess championship?
- Do you often go to the Pakhtakor Stadium?
- Why must one go in for sport?
- peasant (n)- farm laborer or petty farmer.
- priest (n)- one devoted to the service of God with authority to perform religious rites (ñâÿùåííèê).
- confession (n)- act of confessing, that which is confessed, creed (ïðèçíàíèå, èñïîâåäü, êîíôåññèÿ)
- cloister (n)- monastery or convent, arched way or covered walk (ìîíàñòûðü, êðûòàÿ àðêàäà). Synonyms: monastery, priory, abbey, nunnery, convent, seclusion.
- commit (v) to give in charge or trust, to consign to custody (as to commit to prison or a mental hospital), to perform(a crime, sin, error), to pledge, bind;
- challenge (v)- to make a challenge to, to call for (áðîñàòü âûçîâ, îêëèêàòü)
- Study vocabulary notes carefully.
- Make up complex sentences with new words.
- Convey the main idea of the text.
- Describe the process of bowling playing.
- Have you ever played bowling?
- pressure (n)- force exerted on a surface by something in contact with it (äàâëåíèå); exertion of mental or moral force; oppression (ïðèòåñíåíèå, óãíåòåíèå)
- abundance (n)- a plenty of something (èçîáèëèå).
- shallow (adj)- not deep; superficial, having no mental depth. Antonym: Deep
- hazard (n)- chance; risk; danger. Synonyms: accident, casualty, peril.
- threaten (v)- to give notice of coming evil or danger; to utter threats (óãðîæàòü)
- caisson disease- disease caused by too sudden change to normal air pressure from the high pressure of deep underwater work.
- nitrogen [naitridgin]- àçîò.
- ascend (v)- to go up, mount/ to succeed to; to rise; climb.
- body tissues- òêàíè òåëà.
- severe (adj)- strict, harsh, grave, stern (ñåðü¸çíûé); hard to bear; dangerous.
- dissolve (v)- to pass into solution; to cause to be absorbed by a liquid; to separate in to parts ( ðàñòâîðÿòüñÿ, ðàçæèææàòü,èñïàðÿòüñÿ)
- consequently (adv)- as a result, therefore.
- club (n) - heavy stick, cudgel; stick of various kinds used in games, as golf or polo (êëþøêà)
- fatal (adj)- fixed by fate; causing death or destruction.
- unwary (adj)- not wary or cautions (íåîñòîðîæíûé)
- Do you agree that boxing is the most dangerous sport? Prove your view point
- Does the author (Rob Goeckel) convince you that there is a significant problem with professional boxing?
- What is your attitude toward the claim that boxing should be banned?
- Do you watch boxing matches on TV?
- Do you think that the speech presented above is emotionally strong? What makes you think so?
- What do you know about Muhammad Ali?
- Be / stay ahead of the game – A E .to be successful in dealing with changes in the business or activity that you are involved in.
- Beat (play) sb at their own game – A E.
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
to be enrolled áûòü ïðèíÿòûì â ÷èñëî (ñòóäåíòîâ)
athletic training
to see to it that çàáîòèòüñÿ î òîì, ÷òîáû
society
to join
score ñ÷¸ò
what is the score?
5 to 0 5:0 ( 0 [nil])
power Institute Ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèé Èíñòèòóò
in our favour â íàøó ïîëüçó
ex-champion
checkers / draughts øàøêè
ping-pong ïèíã-ïîíã, íàñòîëüíûé òåííèñ
to interfere with something ìåøàòü ÷åìó-ëèáî
on the contrary
NOTES:
ADDITIONAL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
draw - íè÷üÿ
the match ended in a draw - ìàò÷ êîí÷èëñÿ â íè÷üþ
weight lifting - ïîäíÿòèå òÿæåñòåé
warming-up - ðàçìèíêà
violation of rules - íàðóøåíèå ïðàâèë (èãðû)
footballer - ôóòáîëèñò
racket - ðàêåòêà
umpire - ñóäüÿ
captain - êàïèòàí (êîìàíäû)
QUESTIONS
Text C. The Origin of Bowling
Some historians believe that bowling originated from a religious ceremony. Many centuries ago people carried clubs for their defense when they went anywhere. While peasants were visiting a priest for confession, they would stand their clubs at the end of the cloister. Eventually the clubs came to represent sins that the peasants had committed. After they had finished their confession they rolled large stones at the clubs.
If a peasant knocked over his club, he was leading a good life. When a peasant failed to knock it over, he needed to attend church more often. Since everyone enjoyed competition, before long peasant made game out of the stones and clubs. They challenged each other to competitions that were not too unlike modern bowling competitions. A match was won by the player who could knock down the most clubs. Although there are many other theories about the development of bowling, many historians trace modern bowling back to this origin.
Essential Vocabulary
“…sins that the peasants had committed“ â äàííîì êîíòåêñòå “ commit” èìååò òðåòüå çíà÷åíèå (to perform- ñîâåðøàòü);
commit suicide – ïîêîí÷èòü æèçíü ñàìîóáèéñòâîì.
6) fail (v)- to fall short, be deficient or lacking, not to succeed in some purpose , to become bankrupt, to become weaker. (íåäîñòàâàòü, íå õâàòàòü, èìåòü íåäàñòàòîê, îñëàáåâàòü,òåðÿòü ñèëó, ïîòåðïåòü íåóäà÷ó, íå óäàâàòüñÿ)
Synonyms: falter, abort, collapse, default, miss, omit, weaken, fade.
Antonyms: win, get, surpass, gain, obtain, succeed, accomplish.
Synonyms: claim, summon, dispute, defy.
challenge (n)- call to engage in a contest; demand made upon someone; objection to the seating of a juror
Tasks
Sports equipment
barbell- øòàíãà, ãàíòåëÿ
beam- áðóñüÿ
club – êëþøêà, áèòà
indian clubs- ñïîðòèâíûå ãèðè
discus- äèñê
javelin- äðîòèê
puck- øàéáà
racket- ðàêåòêà
rings- êîëüöà
boxing gloves- áîêñ¸ðñêèå ïåð÷àòêè
trampoline- áàòóò
bar- òóðíèê
Look at the picture below and make a short-story using the following words and expressions:
team, world championship, hard training, to throw a ball, opponent, to shout for, score, spectators, fan.
Sports terms
Competition
|
Fan (colloquial)- áîëåëüùèê |
Text D. Interesting facts about diving.
People who are just learning to skin dive usually begin in water that is somewhere between 25-30 feet deep. At this depth, there is no danger from pressure, and there is an abundance of fish and plant life. After people have been diving in shallow water for several weeks or months they may go on to deeper water. Below one hundred feet there is the problem of pressure, and one must be especially careful to avoid the hazards of deep diving. One of the most common hazards that threaten deep divers is caisson disease or “the bends”. Nitrogen builds up in the bloodstream when they dive below one hundred feet. If, when the divers are ready to surface, they ascend too quickly, the nitrogen expands and then forms bubbles in the bloodstream and body tissues. The nitrogen bubbles cause extreme pain. If the case is very severe the diver may die, but the effects of caisson disease are not usually that serious. Fortunately, a cure was discovered in the late 19th century. When a diver is put back under pressure the nitrogen bubbles dissolve and the diver no longer feels pain. Now a decompression chamber is used for a diver who suffers from the bends. Another hazard of deep diving is nitrogen narcosis. The nitrogen that diver breathes is under pressure and consequently has a strange effect on the brain. When divers are suffering from nitrogen narcosis, they act very much like drunk people. They may do many ridiculous things. On one occasion a diver who was suffering from nitrogen narcosis began to play golf underwater. He used fish for his clubs luckily he did no choose a shark for one of his clubs, or the story would not be funny. Like caisson disease, nitrogen narcosis can be fatal to the unwary diver.
Vocabulary Notes and Comments
hazardous-adj.; to avoid the hazards- èçáåæàòü îïàñíîñòè.
bends (am)- êåñîííàÿ áîëåçíü.
Tasks
1.Read the text carefully. Study all the notes. Make up the sentences with new words and phrases.
2. Translate into English:
Êåññîííàÿ áîëåçíü ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ñàìûõ îïàñíûõ ôàêòîðîâ äëÿ íûðÿëüùèêîâ. Êîãäà íûðÿëüùèê ïîãðóæàåòñÿ íà ñëèøêîì áîëüøóþ ãëóáèíó, ïóçûðüêè àçîòà ìîãóò âûçûâàòü íåñòåðïèìóþ áîëü. Íî åùå áîëåå îïàñíûì ôàêòîðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàê-íàçûâàåìûé àçîòíûé íàðêîç, êîòîðûé ñòðàííûì oáðàçîì âîçäåéñòâóåò íà ìîçã ÷åëîâåêà.
BOXING: THE MOST DANGEROUS SPORT
Rob Goeckel
“This no festival”, said the English writer Thomas Hal in 1660. “Unless there be some fighting,” One of the most ancient human sports, boxing has exited in one form or another for centuries – but not without controversy. The inherently violent nature of boxing and the toll it takes on its participants has led to many calls for its abolition. Even Muhammad Ali, perhaps the greatest fighter of all time, has said that boxers “exist to entertain and to satisfy a crowd’s thirst for blood.”
In the following speech, Rob Goeckel, a student at the University of Wisconsin, argues that professional boxing should be banned in the Unites States.
“I killed a man. Afterward they told me that it wasn’t my fault, and that anyway it was nothing new. It had happened before. It has happened since. And, believe me, it will happen again.”
Boxer Roger Donoghue uttered this quote after he fought fellow boxer George Flores in 1951. During the fight, Donoghue punched Flores so mercilessly and with such force that shortly after the bout was over, Flores went into a coma. He never woke up again.
This horrifying scenario. The sight of one man literally beating another man’s brains out is what boxing is all about. What is even more frightening is that many, many other fighters have suffered the same fate as George Flores. In fact, as Time magazine reported, in the last decade over seventy boxers have died from boxing-related causes. Moreover, at least 15 percent of all boxers, even if they don’t die, incur irreversible brain damage..
Growing up, like most of you, I watched boxing, and sometimes I even enjoyed it, but as I recently watched Mike Tyson pummel Frank Bruno into submission in a heavyweight championship fight, I began to wonder what possessed one man to bit another with such force and without remorse.
But why all the warnings ? Because boxing can cause irreparable physical damage to its participants. A punch thrown by a heavyweight can land with a force exceeding 1,000 pounds, which causes the head to snap back or twist violently, forcing the soft brain to be rammed into the rigid skull like a yolk slammed into the side of an egg. The nerve cells and blood vessels in the brain are then twisted, ruptured, and stretched, which causes swelling and results in the brain pressing against the inside of the skull. A blow to the head so that consciousness is lost causes minute of larger hemorrhages, contusions at the base of the brain, and a tearing of nerve fibers that cannot be easily identified. These symptoms are not detectable by the victim of the beating.
Neurologist Mac Donald Critchley states that a boxer’s chances of suffering brain damage increase in proportion with the number of bouts fought. Another neurologist, Dr. Jan Corsellis, examined the brains of fifteen boxers who died of natural causes. He observed a pattern of subnormal cerebral changes not present in non- boxers.
Subsequent studies have shown that boxers are also far more likely to suffer from another type of brain damage called cavum septi pellucidi, which occurs when a boxer receives a blow to the brain and a cave or space develops between the two membranes that divide the brain. Many boxers who have this ailment suffer permanently with symptoms similar to the brain disorder Parkinson’s disease. This disease develops when the brain ceases to produce sufficient amounts of dopamine, a substance that helps in the transmission of nerve impulses involved in motor control.
Perhaps the most poignant example, because he was so admired for his once-string body, is the case of Muhammad Ali. In his prime, Ali was glamorized, but now he suffers from a severe case of Parkinson’s disease. Ali’s side effects re impaired hand-eye coordination, slurred, unintelligible speech, reduced muscle strength, and chronic fatigue. Ironically, Ali became a victim of the sport he once saved. Ali, once the unbeatable heavy-weight champion, the force who claimed that “boxing never scarred his pretty face,” has been reduced to a mere shell of a man, a shaking, silent reminder of the brutality of boxing, a brutality which does not discriminate on a the basis of race, creed, or religion.
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
(Muhammad Ali on the ring, 1970) (Muhammad Ali with Lennox Louise)
irreparable physical damage – íåïîïðàâèìûé ôèçè÷åñêèé óùåðá
snap – òðåñíóòü incur - ïîäâåðãàòüñÿ
rupture – ðàçðûâàòü toll – ïîõîðîííûé çâîí
hemorrhage – êðîâîèçëèÿíèå thirst for blood – æàæäà êðîâè
cave (çäåñü) – âïàäèíà slurred speech – íåâíÿòíàÿ ðå÷ü
pummel – áèòü êóëàêàìè bout – ñõâàòêà, áîðüáà
Idioms with the word “game”
e.g. The company has invested a lot of money in research trying to stay ahead of the game. We have improved our marketing strategy, and we are well ahead of the game.
to do something or to try to do something more successfully that someone else does , even though they are very good at it.
E.g. The problem for the non commercial stations was whether or not to play commercial TV at its own game.
3) the game is up
used in order to say that something wrong or dishonest done by someone has been discovered .
e.g. He ran when he knew the game was up, and he was still holding the money.
If Ben finds out what Julia knows about him, he will realize the game is up.
4) game plan
the things you plan to do in order to achieve something . Used especially in sports or business. “Should we discuss this at the conference when there are more people?” “ That’s a good idea, but I think we need to have a firmer game plan first.
Some shareholders worry that the company doesn’t care much about including them in the corporate.
5) Something is a mug’s game – Br.E
used in order to say that something is not worth doing , and it would be stupid to start doing it.
I don’t know why she feels she has to take drugs – it’s a mug’s game.
6) Play a waiting game
deliberately not to make any decision or do anything , because you want to see what other people do or how a situation develops.
e.g. Police played a waiting game at a North London flat where two people were being held hostage. We may have to evacuate some more people but right now we are playing a waiting game to see if the storm strengthens.
7) a zero-sum game Br.E
a situation in which if one person wins or obtains something , another person must lose. Lawyers tend to play in a zero-sum game, doctors, of course do not.
TASKS
Study thoroughly the idioms.
Make up complex sentences with all of them.